

Electromagnetic waves can be measured, the waves have crests and troughs similar to those of ocean waves. The distance between crests is the wavelength. The shortest wavelengths in the spectra of electromagnetic radiation are just fractions of the size of an atom, while the longest wavelengths can be larger than the diameter of our planet!
The waves are also measured by frequency. This is the number of complete wave cycles that pass a point in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
Physicists have taken this spectra of EMR and grouped it into categories based on the frequency of the wavelengths or the length.
Wireless devices use the part of the EMF/EMR spectra called the part of the radio spectrum and within the radio spectrum the part called the microwave spectrum. It is called this because when it was being developed it used shorter waves, i.e. microwaves compared to say the 50 meter waves used for the first radar. The microwaves are between one meter down to one millimeter.

Icky messes in his pockets from the melted chocolate bar of a radar operator Percy Spencer led to the microwave oven. Snickers bars were melting when Spencer was working near the magnetron for radar, and he utilized this observation to develop a microwave oven. The ovens use wavelengths of 2450 MHz (or 2.45GHz). This frequency was chosen because this wavelength is near the molecules' resonance frequency, so it has an ability to interact with the water molecules in food.

For mobile phones the regulations include a gap between the phone and the ear of 5-15 mm, depending on the phone, to comply with limits of how much radiation we are allowed to absorb. This is called the specific absorption of radiation (SAR). This isn't how people use phones in real life, and the advice of this need of distance to comply is really and truly difficult to find, neither does this safety regulation take into account how childrens' heads absorb more radiation than adults.
French organisation Phonegate Alert https://phonegatealert.org/en/ tested many brands of phones and found many popular phones (including expensive iPhones) did not comply with power output regulations. From 2018 to June 2025, Phonegate Alert has identified 60 dangerous mobile phone models exceeding regulatory thresholds during ANFR inspections, and two tablets. Among them are models from major brands such as Apple, Samsung, Xiaomi, Lenovo, and Nokia, which do not hesitate to market phones or connected devices exceeding regulatory limits.


Many of the people who work with ionizing radiation (X-rays etc) see non-ionizing EMF radiation — as a weakling. They believe it’s not capable of doing anything.
MR/EMF is categorized by whether it is powerful enough, per photon, to exceed the binding energy of water molecules and knock an electron out of an atom or molecule and break a chemical bond, or not. If the EMR/EMF can break the bonds in water it is classed as ionizing radiation (x-rays for example). If it is not able to, it is classed as non-ionizing radiation.
An assumption of safety was drawn from this. As Robert C Kane, the Motorola engineer who worked on the first cell phones explained; we need about a million microwave photons to provide the energy of an x-ray, however the issue is with the total photonic exposure, Back when he was writing his book Cell Phone Russian Roulette, the typical photo exposure from a cell phone antenna was equivalent to 170,000 000 000 000 000 x-ray photons per second. Today's phones are likely to give you one hundred quadrillion photons.
The discussion of the energy density of photons is on page 227 of his book. https://archive.org/details/cellular-telephone-russian-roulette-by-robert-c-kan
Realise that total photonic exposure is chronic. Every single living cell has a voltage gate, and our DNA is like an antennae.
Robert K Kane died of a brain tumour which he believed was because of his exposure to RF radiation developing the first cell phones.

Traditionally, scientists have held that low-level electromagnetic fields couldn’t be harmful because they weren’t potent enough to break chemical bonds in a living organism. Dr Henry Lai one of the scientists who has found radio frequency radiation can cause both single and double strand breaks in DNA, doesn’t disagree — he simply suspects a more subtle mechanism is at work. He believes that the fields, rather than causing harm directly, initiate a process within the cells that leads to the damage.
Drs H Lai and NP Singh led the field in developing a test, now called the comet assay, to measure radiation damage. Singh is one of the world’s foremost experts on a DNA analysis called the “comet assay.” The assay gets its name from the appearance of a damaged cell.
Lai and Singh exposing rats to microwave radiation for 2 hours, at an exposure level that would mean their whole bodies would have absorbed between 0.6 and 1.2 watts of 2450-MHz radio frequency radiation, this is a frequency range was used for older 3G phones is as well used for Bluetooth Wi-Fi 2.5 G and cordless dect phone.
They killed the rats and took brain cells from the hippocampus of the rats. They stripped a cell of the fatty coating, and set it in a gel. Punctured the cell and ran electric current across the cell. When strands of DNA break, the broken pieces are charged. As a result, a damaged cell takes on the appearance of a comet, with the bits of damaged DNA forming the tail.
The longer the comet tail, the more damage has resulted. They found increases in both single- and double-strand DNA breaks, as measured by the comet assay, in brain cells of rats exposed. The results are not dissimilar to those of rats exposed to gamma radiation,
All cells experience some DNA damage through normal wear and tear and repair themselves. Problems can occur when that damage is significantly increased because that also increases the likelihood of a mistake being made in the repair process, resulting in a mutation that could lead to such diseases as cancer.
Some types of DNA damage are more worrisome than others. A break on one side of DNA’s ladder-like double helix is relatively easily fixed. Repairs are much harder if both sides of the helix are broken, and, as a result, the probability of a mutation is substantially higher.
This paper is one on cell phone emissions and cancer: https://ehtrust.org/national-toxicology-program-finds-cell-phone-radiation-induces-dna-damage/
The REFLEX Study (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure) was a major 2004 European research project that reported evidence of genotoxic effects and DNA damage in human and animal cells exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)
https://www.emrsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/REFLEX-Final-Report.pdf
This is a research paper by Drs Lai , Singh and Phillips: https://cipracem.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/21b-DNA-damage-by-Comet-Assay.pdf
Just so you know, the researchers Drs Lai and Singh and Phillips have created ground breaking work in this field. This was not without cost, Lai and Singh 's work was war-gamed by Motorola, Phillips left the field, it has a cost when corporations start telling you what you can report about your own research. https://magazine.washington.edu/feature/uw-researchers-wake-up-call-on-cellphone-radiation-is-finally-getting-heard/#:~:text=The%20idea%20behind%20that%20study,if%20any%20DNA%20damage%20resulted.
Lai's many experiments show something highly important; that the effects of exposure are cumulative, and duration can be as damaging as intensity. Dr Lai doesn't use a cell phone himself.
